MODALS

Can,may,could,might,has to/have to, had to, will/shall have to, should, ought to, used to , must, Would, need, dare, should have, must have, might have, could have, is to/am to/are to, was to etc.
1. Can sakta hOÀsakta h^MUÀsaktI hO.
1	I can lift this box.	maOM [sa baa^@sa kao ]za sakta h^MU.	Power
2	He can cancel your admission.	vah tumhara daiKlaa r_ kr sakta hO.	Authority
3	He can speak English.	vah [igMlaSa baaola sakta hO.	Ability
4	Can I talk to Mr. X?	@yaa maOM imasTr e@sa sao baat kr sakta hU^MÆ	Informal Permission
2. May sakta hOÀsakta h^MUÀsaktI hOÀsakUÀsako.
1	May I come in ?	@yaa maOM Andr Aa sakta h^MUÆ	Formal Permission
2	May you live long!	AapkI lambaI ]ma` hao ²	Wish/blessings
3	It may rain today.	Aaja vaYaa- hao saktI hO.	Possibility
4	I study so that I may pass.	maOM pZ,ta h^MU taik maOM pasa hao sakU.	Purpose
3. Could – saka .ÀsakI.À sak.o Àsakta qaa.Àsakta h^MU Æ
1	I could catch the thief.	maOM caaor kao pkD, sakta qaa.	Power
2	I could jump from a high building.	maOM }caIM maij,ala sao kUd sakta qaa.	Past Ability
3	He could not permit me for leave.	vah mauJao Cu+I nahIM do saka.	Authority
4	Could I talk to Mr. X?	@yaa maOM imasTr e@sa sao baat kr sakta h^MUÆ	Polite permission
5	Could you do me a favour ?	@yaa Aap maora ek kama kr sakto hao Æ	Request in present
6	He said he could defeat you.	]sanao kha vah tumho hra sakta qaa.	Narration form

4. Might - sakta qaaÀsakta qaIÀsaktI hO.
1	It might rain yesterday.	kla vaYaa- hao saktI qaI.		Past possibility
2	He might come today.	vah Aaja Aa sakta hO.		Little possibility in present
3	She said she might pass.	]sanao kha vah pasa hao saktI qaI.		Narraation form
5. Has to / have to- pD,ta hO.À pD,tI hO.Ànaa hO.ÀnaI hO.À nao hO. ³jaba kao[- kama majabaUrI maoM krnaa hao yaa krnaa pD,ta hao.´
1	I have to wash the vessels.	mauJao bat-na Qaaonao pD,to hOM.		Necessity
2	I have to examine the papers.	mauJao popr jaaca^Mnao hO.		Obligation
6. Had to – pD,ta qaa.À pD,tI qaI.ÀpD,to qao.Ànaa qaa.ÀnaI qaI.À nao qao. ³jaba kao[- kama majabaUrI maoM krnaa qaa yaa krnaa pD,ta qaa .´
1	I had to cook for my younger sister.	mauJao ApnaI CaoTI bahna ko ilae Kanaa banaanaa qaa.
2	He had to awake at night.	]sao rat maoM jaaganaa pD,ta qaa.
7. Will /shall + have to – pD,gaa.ÀpD,gaI.ÀpD,gaoM.³ jaao kama majabaUrI maoM krnaa pD,gaa. ´
1	You will have to return my money.	tumhoM maoro pOsao laaoTanao pD,gaoM.
2	She will have to knit her sweater.	]sao Apnao ilae svaoTr baunanaa pD,ogaa.
8. Should – caaihe À k$ÆÀlaa}ÆÀjaa}Æ
1	You should work hard.	Aapkao maohnat krnaI caaihe.		Advice
2	Should I fetch you water?	@yaa maOM Aapko ilae panaI laokr Aa} Æ		To know the desire
3	What should I do?	maOM @yaa k$Æ
4	Should you go to the market please bring me a pen?		yaid tuma baaja,ar jaaAao tao maoro ilae ek pona lao AanaaÆ

9. Ought to – caaihe.³ naOitkta ko ile. ´moral duties.
1	We ought to respect our elders.	hmao baZ,ao ka Aadr krnaa caaihe.	Morality
2	You ought to obey your parents.	Aapkao Apnao maata­ipta ka khnaa maananaa caaihe.
3	We ought to help the poor.	hmao garIbaao kI madd krnaI caaihe.
10. Must – ja,$r caaihe.
1	You must consult the doctor.	Aapkao Da@Tr ko pasa ja$r jaanaa caaihe.	Emphatic advice
2	Water is must for us.	panaI hmaaro ilae bahut ja$rI hO.
11. Would – taÀtI Àto À ta qaa.À tI qaI.Àto qao.À gaaÀgaIÀgao.
1	I would teach him.	maOM ]sao pD,ta.
2	I would walk after dinner.	maOM rat ko Baaojana ko baad Thlata qaa.	Past habit
3	I would go to the mall tomorrow.	kla maOM maa^la jaa}gaaM.	Future possibility
4	He said that he would come here.	]sanao kha ik vah kla yaha^M Aaegaa.	Narration form
5	Would you like to have a cup of tea?	@yaa tuma ek kp caaya laonaa psaMd kraogaoÆ	To know desire
6	I would rather die than beg.	maOM BaIK maagaMnao sao j,yaada marnaa psaMd k$gaaM.	Future possibility
7	Would that! I were Prime minister.	kaSa² maOM P`aQaana ma~IM haota.	Optative sentence
12. Need – ja$rt hO.
1	You need help him.	tumho ]sakI madd krnao kI ja$rt hO.
2	I need not go there.	mauJao vaha^M jaanao kI ja$rt nahIM hO.
3	Need I teach you?	@yaa mauJao Aapkao pD,anao kI ja$rt hOÆ

13. Dare – ihmmat krnaa
1	He dare not stand in front of me.	vah maoro saamanao KD,o haonao kI ihmmat nahIM krta hO.
14. Should have- caaihe qaa.
1	You should have come in time.	tumhoM samaya pr Aanaa caaihe qaa.	Past of should
15. Must have – j,a$r caaihe qaa.
1	You must have passed the exam.	tumho,M pirxaa ja,$r pasa krnaI caaihe qaI.
2	She must have stolen my purse.	]sanao hI maora psa- caurayaa haogaa.	Suspected
16. Might have- sakta qaa.ÀsaktI qaI. Àsakto qao.
1	You might have called me if you did not want to come to me.
	yaid tuma maoro pasa nahIM Aanaa caahto qao tao tuma mauJao faona kr sakto qao.
17. Could have- sakta qaa.ÀsaktI qaI. Àsakto qao.
1	I could have taught him a lesson.	maOM ]sao sabak isaKa sakta qaa.	Past ability.
18. Is to / am to / are to – naa hO. À naI hO. À nao hOM. jaba iksaI kama kao krnao kI [cCa hao.
1	I am to see the movie.	mauJao iflma doKnaI hO.
2	She is to join the dance classes.	]sao DaMsa saIKnaa hO.
3	Are you to take coffee?	@yaa Aapkao kaofI laonaI hOÆ

19. was to / were to – naa qaa. À naI qaI. À nao qao. ³iksaI kama kao krnao kI [cCa qaI.´
1	I was to eat samosas.	mauJao samaaosao Kanao qao.	Had desire
2	Were you to take tea?	@yaa Aapkao caaya pInaI qaI Æ
3	I was to sleep that time.	mauJao ]sa samaya saaonaa qaa.
20. Used to – ta krta qaa. À tI krtI qaI.³ puranaI Aadt kao batanao ko ilae.´
1	I used to beat him.	maOM ]sao pITa krta qaa.
2	She used to scream.	vah icallaayaa krtI qaI.
3	My mother used to narrate the story.	maorI maa^M khanaI saunaayaa krtI qaI.
21. May have to – pD, sakta hO. À pD, saktI hO.
1	You may have to cook yourself.	tmhoM Apnao Aap Kanaa banaanaa pD, sakta hO.
2	You may have to pay fine.	Aapkao fa[-na donaa pD, sakta hO.
3	You may have to walk on foot.	Aapkao pOdla calanaa pD, sakta hO.
22. May be- hao sakta hO.
1	May be, she is busy tomorrow.	hao sakta hO kla vah vyast hao.
2	He may be ill.	vah baImaar hao sakta hO.
23. Must be- haogaa. À haogaI. À haogaoM.
1	Right now he must be in his room.	[sa samaya vah Apnao kmaro maoM haogaa.	Suspected
2	Tomorrow he must be coming here.	kla vah yaha^M Aa rha haogaa.